国家科委


国家高新技术产业开发区高新技术企业认定条件和办法(附英文)

1991年3月6日，国家科委

第一条 为实施国务院批准的国家高新技术产业开发区有关政策规定，推动我国高新技术产业的发展，制定本办法。
第二条 国家高新技术产业开发区（以下简称开发区）内的高新技术企业，按照本办法认定。
第三条 省、自治区、直辖市、计划单列市科学技术委员会（以下简称省、市科委）是省、自治区、直辖市、计划单列市人民政府管理开发区内高新技术企业认定工作的主管机构，负责监督本办法的实施。开发区办公室在人民政府领导和省、市科委指导监督下，具体办理高新技术企业的审批认定事宜。
第四条 根据世界科学技术发展现状，划定高新技术范围如下：
（一）微电子科学和电子信息技术；
（二）空间科学和航空航天技术；
（三）光电子科学和光机电一体化技术；
（四）生命科学和生物工程技术；
（五）材料科学和新材料技术；
（六）能源科学和新能源、高效节能技术；
（七）生态科学和环境保护技术；
（八）地球科学和海洋工程技术；
（九）基本物质科学和辐射技术；
（十）医药科学和生物医学工程；
（十一）其他在传统产业基础上应用的新工艺、新技术。
本高新技术范围将根据国内外高新技术的不断发展而进行补充和修订，由国家科委发布。
第五条 高新技术企业是知识密集、技术密集的经济实体。开发区内的高新技术企业，必须具备下列各项条件：
（一）从事本办法第四条规定范围内一种或多种技术及其产品的研究、开发、生产和经营业务。单纯的商业经营除外；
（二）实行独立核算、自主经营、自负盈亏；
（三）企业的负责人是熟悉本企业产品研究、开发、生产和经营的科技人员，并且是本企业的专职人员；
（四）具有大专以上学历的科技人员占企业职工总数的30％以上；从事高新技术产品研究、开发的科技人员应占企业职工总数的10％以上。
从事高新技术产品生产或服务的劳动密集型高新技术企业，具有大专以上学历的科技人员占企业职工总数的20％以上；
（五）有十万元以上资金，并有与其业务规模相适应的经营场所和设施；
（六）用于高新技术及其产品研究、开发的经费应占本企业每年总收入的3％以上；
（七）高新技术企业的总收入，一般由技术性收入、高新技术产品产值、一般技术产品产值和技术性相关贸易组成。高新技术企业的技术性收入与高新技术产品产值的总和应占本企业当年总收入的50％以上。
技术性收入是指由高新技术企业进行的技术咨询、技术转让、技术入股、技术服务、技术培训、技术工程设计和承包、技术出口、引进技术消化吸收以及中试产品的收入；
（八）有明确的企业章程和严格的技术、财务管理制度；
（九）企业的经营期在十年以上。
第六条 兴办高新技术企业，须向开发区办公室提出申请，经开发区办公室核定后，由省、市科委批准并发给《高新技术企业证书》。
第七条 开发区办公室应定期按本办法第五条规定的条件，对高新技术企业进行考核。不符合上述条件的高新技术企业，不得享受国家高新技术产业开发区的各项政策规定。
第八条 列为高新技术产品的期限一般为五年以内，技术周期较长的高新技术产品经批准可延长至七年。
第九条 高新技术企业变更经营范围、合并、分立、转业、迁移或歇业的，须经开发区办公室审批，并向工商、税务等部门办理相应的登记。
第十条 开发区内，按国家规定全部核减行政事业费实行经济自立的全民所有制科研单位，符合本办法第五条规定条件的，经开发区办公室核定，可转成高新技术企业。
第十一条 本办法替代原由国家科委颁布的《关于高技术、新技术企业认定条件和标准的暂行规定》。
第十二条 各省、市科委应就本办法制定实施细则。原有实施细则凡与本办法不符的，应依据本办法修正。
第十三条 本办法由国家科学技术委员会负责解释和修改。
第十四条 本办法自国务院批准之日起实施。

Conditions and Measures on the Designation of High and New Techno-logy Enterprises in National High and New Technology Industry DevelopmentZones

(Approved by the State Council on March 6, 1991 Promulgated by theState Science Commission in March, 1991)

Whole Doc.
Article 1
These Measures are formulated to implement the relevant policy and
provisions on the national high and new technology industry development
zone approved by the high and new technology industry in our country.
Article 2
High and new technology enterprises in national high and new
technology industry development zones (hereinafter referred to as the
Development Zones) shall be identified and designated according to these
Measures.
Article 3
Science and technology commission in each province, autonomous
region, municipality, planned separate city (hereinafter referred to as
science and technology commission at provincial and city level) shall be
the authority in charge of the identification and designation of high and
new technology enterprises in the Development Zones administered by the
people's government of each province, autonomous region, municipality
planned separate city, and shall be responsible for the implementation of
these Measures. The Development Zone Office shall, under the leadership of
the people's government and the leadership and supervision of the science
commission at provincial and city level, specifically handle the
examination and approval of the identification and designation of the high
and new technology enterprises.
Article 4
According to the current development of science and technology in the
world, high and new technology is divided into following categories:
(1) microelectronics and electronic information technology;
(2) space science and aerospace and aeronautical technology;
(3) optoelectronics and optical, mechanical and electronic integra-
tion technology;
(4) life science and biological engineering technology;
(5) material science and new materials technology;
(6) energy science and new energy, high efficient energy conservation
technology;
(7) ecology and environmental science;
(8) earache science and ocean engineering;
(9) basic matter science and radiation science;
(10) medical science and bio-medical engineering;
(11) other new process or new technology applicable in the tradi-
tional industries.
The categories of high and new technology shall be supplemented and
amended from time to time according to the constant development inside and
outside China, and shall be published by the State Science Commission.
Article 5
High and new technology enterprises shall be knowledge-intensive and
technology-intensive economic enterprises. High and new technology
enterprises within the Development Zones must meet the following
conditions:
(1) they are engaging in the research, development, production and
sale of one or more high technologies within the scope of Article 4 and
their products. However, pure commercial distribution of such technologies
and their products are excepted;
(2) they are practicing independent accounting, autonomous operation
and bearing their own profit and loss;
(3) the persons in charge of the enterprises with the research,
development, production and sale of the products in their enterprises, and
shall be the full time personnel of the enterprises;
(4) scientist and technical personnel with college and university
education shall account or more than 30% of all the staffs of the
enterprises; scientists and technical personnel engaged in the research
and development of high and new technology products shall account or more
than 10% of all the staffs of the enterprises.
For those labor-intensive high and new technology enterprises
engaging in the production or service of high and new technology products,
scientists and technical personnel with college and university education
shall account or more than 20% of all the staffs of the enterprises;
(5) they have more than RMB 100000 yuan as their own funds, as well
as appropriates places of business and facilities corresponding to their
respective scale of business activities;
(6) more than 3% of the gross revenue of the enterprises shall have
been allotted as expenses of the research and development of high and new
technology products;
(7) the gross revenues of the high and new technology enterprises
shall be composed of technology income, value of the high and new
technology products, value of the ordinary technological products and
technology-related trade. The aggregate of technological income and value
of the high and new technology products shall account of more than 50% of
the annual gross revenue of the enterprises.
Technological income shall mean income derived from technical
consultancy, technology transfer, technology contributed as equity
investment, technical services, technical training, technical engineering
design and contracts, technology export, adoption and acquisition of
imported technology and trial productions;
(8) they have specific articles of association and strict technical
and financial administration system;
(9) their terms of operation shall be more than 10 years.
Article 6
An application for the establishment of high and new technology shall
be submitted to the Development Zone Office, after the Development Zone
Office has examined and determined, the application shall be approved and
a "Certificate of High and New Technology Enterprise" shall be granted by
the science and technology commission at provincial and city level.
Article 7
The Development Zone Office shall examine and verify the high and new
technology enterprises according to the conditions set forth in Article 5
on a regular basis. Those high and new technology enterprises that do not
meet the above conditions shall not be entitled to the policies and
provisions of the national high and new technology industry development
zone.
Article 8
The duration of those classified as high and new technology products
shall be within 5 years, and duration of those high and new technology
products that have a longer technological cycle shall upon approval be
extended to 7 years.
Article 9
High and new technology enterprises that alter their scope of
business, merge with or separate from other entities, charge their
production line, redomicile or wind-up shall apply to the Development Zone
Office for examination and approval, and shall undertake corresponding
industrial and commercial and tax registration.
Article 10
Science research institutes with the ownership of the whole people in
the Development Zones whose administrative and operational expenses have
been reduced pursuant to the stipulations of the State, that practice
independent accounting and that meet the conditions set forth in Article 5
may, upon verification by the Development Zone Office, be converted into
high and new technology enterprises.
Article 11
These Measures shall replace Interim Provisions on the Conditions and
Standards for the Designation of High and New Technology Enterprises
promulgated by the State Science and Technology Commission.
Article 12
Science and technology commissions in each province and city shall
adopt implementing rules based on these Measures. The existing
implementing rules that do not conform to these Measures shall be amended
in accordance with these Measures.
Article 13
The State Science Commission shall be responsible for the
interpretation and amendment to these Measures.
Article 14
These Measures shall be implemented from the date of approval by the
State Council.


　　当下，公共租赁住房制度已成为一个备受关注的民生话题和热点问题。而在所有关于公共租赁住房制度的讨论中，政府责任无疑是一个最基础、最核心的问题。基于国外普适经验与我国国情，笔者认为，政府在公共租赁住房制度中的责任应主要锁定在两个层面:一是政府的房屋供应责任，二是政府的房屋管理责任。

　　作为一种具有社会保障性质的住房制度，公共租赁住房制度首先特别强调政府的房屋供应责任。从世界范围来看，大多数国家的政府都是利用公共政策解决居民的住房问题。我国住房制度改革30年来的实践表明，我国住房制度改革的市场化过快和过度已经形成“路径依赖”，严重阻碍了政府对房地产市场的宏观调控。强化政府承担公共租赁住房供应责任的主要措施有:政府应作为公共租赁住房的投资主体，通过政府直接管理的住房机构组织建设与供应住房;政府应积极整合民间闲置房源;政府应积极推进住房公积金制度改革;政府应引导房地产开发商参与建设公共租赁住房;政府应实施房地产开发商强制建设保障性住房制度。

　　此外，从世界范围来看，大多数国家和地区都成立了专门机构来负责保障性住房的建设和管理事项。我国政府除了扮演好公共租赁住房的“供应者”关键角色外，还应当管理好用好公共租赁住房，最终实现公共租赁住房制度应有的制度功能。在此，我想重点谈谈政府的住房管理责任。

　　政府应准确界定公共租赁住房制度的保障对象。人们一般认为，公共租赁住房制度是专门为解决“夹心层”的住房问题而设计的。这其实是一种“误判”。因为，我国住房制度改革30年的一项重大成果是已经在制度层面建立了能够覆盖所有人群的住房保障制度体系，只是在制度执行层面，制度“走样”和制度被“异化”等因素最终导致既有的住房保障制度未能实现改革目标。同时，公共租赁住房制度在制度功能上能够替代经济适用住房制度和廉租住房制度，应作为我国保障性住房制度改革的终极目标。因此，确定公共租赁住房制度的保障对象就应当涵盖经济适用住房制度和廉租住房制度的保障对象，即城镇中低收入阶层的家庭和个人。尽管界定“中低收入阶层”比较困难，但应当注意几个问题:一是实施公共租赁住房制度中的“去身份化”和“去福利化”改革，建立面向城镇所有居民的公共租赁住房保障制度，防止公共租赁住房制度中的“逆向改革”，即把公共租赁住房制度的保障对象仅限于具有本地户籍的城镇居民。二是建立健全家庭和个人住房、工作、收入等信息系统，使申请公共租赁住房的家庭和个人不仅要接受公共租赁住房管理机构的专门审查，还要接受社会的广泛监督。三是实施全方位的动态管理，确保应保尽保和公平合理。

　　政府应制定合理科学的“候房”机制。政府在管理公共住房中如何确定一个合理科学的“候房”机制，确实是一个难题。目前，比较流行的做法包括登记配租和抽签配租等。相比之下，抽签配租克服了登记配租无法解决的一些不公平问题，比较容易让大多数人接受。当然，在公共租赁住房房源有限的情形下，并非所有中签的申请者都能实际得到公共租赁住房，这就要求制度设计保障那些未能实际得到房屋的申请者在下一轮“候房”程序中享有优先权。同时，申请者如果因为自己原因导致不能得到房屋，制度设计就应当取消其本轮“候房”资格。

　　政府应实施动态房屋管理活动。一是创新公共租赁住房管理模式。从世界范围来看，很多国家和地区在公共住房管理方面都专门设置了管理机构对公共住房实施管理活动，尽可能兼顾公平和效率。改革要略为:一方面，国家应创设一个从中央到街道、社区全覆盖的垂直型公共租赁住房管理体制。另一方面，虽然政府在公共租赁住房供应方面承担了主导义务，但无须以家长身份独揽管理大权。实际上，世界上很多国家因为政府对公共住房的管理成本过高进而转向激励租赁者购买房屋或者与民间机构合作。这对我国如何创新公共租赁住房管理模式具有积极的借鉴意义。二是实施规范化管理。一方面，强化公共租赁住房的用途管制，即公共租赁住房的社会保障属性决定了其只能用于符合申请资格的居住者自己居住之用。另一方面，完善公共租赁住房的配售政策，即在购买房屋产权上，购买人可以根据自身的经济能力决定是否购买一套房屋的全部产权还是部分产权，如果只买一部分，剩余部分仍然需要缴纳租金，待购买人日后在经济条件允许的情况下买下剩余的产权;在购买房屋模式上，政府除了采用登记配售模式外，还可以根据申请者的实际需要实施定购配售模式，申请者根据政府建房计划，选择需要购买公共租赁住房的地理位置、户型结构等条件，然后进行抽签，中签者再进入购房的其他程序;在购买房屋补贴上，政府应根据申请者所购买房屋的大小、户型和收入等情况，对购买者提供不同等级的购房补贴。三是建立健全退出机制。针对目前许多地方已经出现的承租人取得公共租赁住房后公然招租、无正当理由空置房屋、私下交易并获取差价等普遍问题，制度建设的着力点应当从源头上“堵死”各种违规行为。首先，立法应建立健全承租人信用档案和信用等级评定制度，通过信用制度来规范承租人的租赁行为。其次，立法可借鉴香港做法，建立“公共租赁住房扣分制”。该制度的核心是确定一个合适的扣分体系。同时，扣分制应与租金补贴、配售补贴、续租、强制提前退租等配套措施有机衔接。最后，政府应及时公布社会监督方式，奖励举报违规行为。


（作者系西南政法大学经济法学院副教授）