最高人民检察院关于在大中城市加快科技强检步伐的决定

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最高人民检察院关于在大中城市加快科技强检步伐的决定

最高人民检察院


最高人民检察院关于在大中城市加快科技强检步伐的决定

   2000年1月10日


(最高人检察院第九届检察委员会第五十二次会议通过)



科学技术是第一生产力。向科技要战斗力,依靠检察科技进步和提高检察干警素质,是今后检察工作的重要发展方向,为了加速检察机关的科技进步,推动全国检察机关整体科技水平提高,促进检察机关更好地履行法律监督职责,大中城市检察院即各省级检察院、省(自治区)辖市检察院和有条件的市辖区检察院都要大力加快科技强检步伐。为此,特作如下决定:

  一、抓住机遇,发挥优势,在科技强检方面先行一步

  (1)当前,我国国民经济保持较快增长,改革继续推进,综合国力不断增强,财政收入逐年增加;党中央、国务院高度重视加快实施科教兴国战略,科技创新体系建设取得新的发展,中央财政和地方财政较多地增加了对科教的投入;现代科学技术日新月异,高新技术迅猛发展,我国的科技实力显著增强。

  (2)大中城市的经济实力较强,科研机构和科技人才集中,可利用社会科技资源多;检察机关经费保障状况较好,经过多年的积累和发展,在科技装备、基础建设、专业人才等方面,具备了加快科技发展的条件和优势。

大中城市检察院要抓住科技进步所提供的历史机遇,充分利用有利条件和优势,在科技强检方面先行一步,建立较高水平的检察科技体系。同时为其也地区创造经验,发挥示范和幅射作用,带动全系统的科技强检工作。

  二、奋斗目标和步骤

  (3)今后三年,大中城市检察院要紧结合检察工作实际,以运用计算机技术为核心,加大现代科学技术在检察工作中的含量,提高办案水平和工作效率,初步实现办案现代化和办公自动化:

  --建成集语音、数据、视频多媒体信息传输为一体的综合信息网。高检院完成一级专线网的的数字化改造,开通至各省级院的宽带数据专网信,同时实现多路语音通讯、专用传真线路、计算机数据远程网络、可视电话和电视电话会议系统功能;建设二级专线网,省级检察院至省辖市检察院开通适当宽带数字专网通信,同时实现语音通讯、计算机数据远程网络和电话会议系统功能;在有条件的市辖区开通三级专线网;

  --建成实用先进的计算机局域网,实现本单位各项业务工作的综合管理事务的计算机管理;

  --实现办案工作的计算机管理。对本案承办案件实行计算机全程动态管理;建立举报电话自动受理系统,对本地区的举报、控申工作实行网络化管理;完成各类基础数据库的建设工作,包括举报线索库、直接受理侦查案件库、刑事检察案件库、监所检察数据库、民事行政检察数据库、检验鉴定案件娄据库等;

  --实现内部公文的远程自动流转处理,各项检察业务信息的远程传输和处理,远程案件的及时有效指挥和协调;

  --建立因特网站点,拓宽对外宣传途径,推时检务公开,为人大代表的和人民群众反映意见、控告申诉和举报提供畅通渠道;

  --建设完备的讯问室视听证据收集系统和举报控申接待室安全防范系统;

  --加快装备视听技术器材,广泛开展视听资料证据的收集、保全和运用工作;

  --普遍配备和使用计算机多媒体示证系统;

  --把高新技术逐步运用到文证审查、检验鉴定等工作中。

  (4)实现上述目标,必有计划、有步骤地进行。

  2000年,要完成一级专线网的数字化改造,建立检察机关因特网站点和举报电话自动受理系统,推广使用多媒体示证系统,建设计算机局域网,建立和完善各类基础数据库,完成讯问室视听证据收集系统和举报控申接待室安全防范系统建设;

  2001年,开通省级检察院到大中城市检察院二级专线网,实现办案工作计算机全程动态管理,内部公文、检察信息的自动流转和传输,以及重要案件的远程指挥和协调;

  2002年,全面实现科技强检的各项目标。选择有条件的地区开通三级专线网,实现举报控申工作网络化管理,有效使用视听资料证据证明犯罪。

  (5)有条件的检察院要加快实施步伐,提前完成上述目标和步骤。同时,鼓励探索在检察工作中用现代科技手段的领域,实施其他适应工作需要、体现检察工作特色的科技项目。

  三、加大科技投入,加强基础建设

  (6)科技投入是科技进步的必要条件,是科技强检的基本保证。必须采取有力措施,多渠道、多层次地增加检察科技经费,促进科技开发,保证科技设备的购置、更新和正常使用。

  (7)积极向地方党委和政府汇报,争取将本地检察技术发展目标列入地方"十五"计划统筹;所需经费,向当地政府专项申请,并力争纳入地方财政预算。高检院每年要安排一定数量的专项资金,用于重点科研项目和重要科技工程的开发和建设,并视各地情况给予一定的科技经费补贴。

  (8)对一些科技开发项目,可以由检察机关开发或检察机关组织开发,也可以由企业自主投资研制开发,对符合检察工作需要,实用、先进的技术成果,由检察机关负责推广。

  (9)加快检察技术工作的基础建设。要按照年度建设目标,及时配备相关技术设备,逐步建设一套科技含量高、实用价值大的技术装备,逐步建设一套科技含量高、实用价值大的按需分配相关技术设备,逐步建设一套科技含量高、实用价值大的技术装备体系;根据技术发展和业务需要,适时组织应用软件的研制开发和推广应用;建立健全各项规章制度,保证检察技术工作规范化、科学化。目前还没有业务技术用房的大中城市检察院,要争取在2001年之前建成。

  (10)充分利用社会上的技术和智力资源。科技强检,必须面向社会,不能自我封闭,不能搞"小而全"。对于一些共性技术和设备,要通过各种方式与社会实现资源共享,避免盲目开发。要吸收科研机构、高等学校的科技力量有效地参与检察技术的论证、评估,参与重点工程和项目的论证、前期研究和关键技术的研究开发。同时,也要注意发挥检察机关现有科技资源的作用,促时检察科技资源与社会的共享。

  四、建设高水平的检察技术队伍,提高检察干警科技素质

  (11)加快科技强检步伐,必须建设高水平的检察技术队伍。加强对检察技术人员的政治教育和纪律作风教育;强化业务学习和培训,创造条件支持人员提高业务素质和专业水平;积极引进专业技术人才;关心爱护技术人员,切实解决他们工作、生活中的问题和因难;表彰、奖励在检察科技创新和发展中做出贡献的科技人员;进一步营造崇尚科学,尊重知识,尊重人才的良好氛围,充分调动技术人员的工作积极性、主动性和创造性,发挥他们在科技强检中的主力军作用。

  (12)积极开展对检察人员应用现代科技设备的适应性培训。通过培训,提高检察人员的科技素质,促进检察科技应用普遍化,充分发挥检察科技资源的应用效益。尽快制定培训计划,并抓紧组织实施。同时,要把运用现代技术手段的能力作为干警考核的一个重要内容,制定相应的考核标准和考核办法。

  (13)促进检察科技工作与检察业务工作的有机结合,是科技强检工作需要着力解决的根本问题。科技强检要始终坚持面向检察业务,把攻克检察业务工作中迫切需要解决的热点、难点、重点科技问题作为主要任务。全体检察人员要不断强化科技意识,重视依靠科技进步提高工作质量和效率,在各个业务环节积极探索和实践,增强对检察科技的有效需求,促进检察科技工作的发展。

  五、加强对科技强检工作的组织领导

  (14)检察机关的领导班子和领导干部,要不断提高认识,转变观念,带头学习现代科技知识增强检意识,善于用科学的态度、科学的思想和方法处理检察工作问题,把强化科技素质作为提高检察队伍业务水平和办案质量的重要环节来抓。高检院和各省级检察院要确定各自主抓的重点项目和重点单位,明确目标和责任,分工协作;发挥人才、技术、资源等方面的优势,帮助下级检察院解决工作中的关题和因难;对一些重点相关的科技政策,完善技术规范,指导检察科技工作健康发展。

  (15)加强检察科技管理,建立完善技术规范。要建立一套高效的检察科技管理体制,理顺工作关系,改变多头管理和分散管理的局面。高检院已经成立信息化领导小组,各省级检察院也要成立相应的领导机构,以加强对本地区检察科技工作的宏观管理和综合协调。要尽快完成有关技术规范的制定和完善工作。主要技术设备的购置,同高检院统一确定技术指标和配置要求;软件开发,要统一规范、统一编码、统一数据格式,主要业务力软件的开发,由高检院统一组织;科技项目的推广,要经过高检院的审查和验收,以避免低水平得重复开发和建设,提高资金使用效率。

  (16)严格遵守国家保密法和有关规定,重视技术设施的安全保密性。有关项目的设计和施工,安全保密要同步进行。

  各地要根据本决定精神,结合各自的具体情况,制定本地区或本单位的总体建设规划和分步实施方案。其他有条件的分市院、基层检察院,可根据决定精神,确定规划,加快科技强检步伐。
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中华人民共和国政府和赞比亚共和国政府科学技术合作协定

中国政府 赞比亚共和国政府


中华人民共和国政府和赞比亚共和国政府科学技术合作协定


  中华人民共和国政府和赞比亚共和国政府为增进两国人民的友谊和加强两国间的科学技术合作,签订本协定。条文如下:

  第一条 缔约双方本着友好合作精神和平等互利原则,通过交流科学技术经验和成就,实现两国间的科学技术合作,以利于两国经济的发展。

  第二条 科学技术合作的内容包括:
  一、互相派遣专业人员考察科学技术经验和成就,或进行专业实习;
  二、互相邀请专业人员传授科学技术知识和经验;
  三、互相提供科学技术资料和科学实验用的少量的种子、苗木、样品等。

  第三条 为实现本协定规定的科学技术合作,根据需要,缔约双方将轮流派遣代表、代表团或通过外交代表机构同对方执行本协定的机构,在两国首都商谈两国间的科学技术合作事宜和签订相应的合作计划议定书。
  如有需要,缔约任何一方可通过驻在对方的外交代表机构同对方执行本协定的机构商定并执行计划外的项目,该项目将补列入下一个计划议定书。

  第四条 中华人民共和国政府指定对外经济联络部、赞比亚共和国政府指定财政部为本协定的执行机构。两国执行机构通过两国外交代表机构保持经常性的工作联系。

  第五条 根据本协定所派遣的专业人员,应遵守对方国家的现行法律和规定。

  第六条 缔约双方对根据本协定所派遣的专业人员应提供必要的协助,以便他们顺利完成任务。
  在实施本协定过程中所涉及的费用等问题,双方将另行商定。

  第七条 本协定签字后,在缔约双方履行各自的法律手续并相互通知后生效,有效期为五年。在本协定期满前六个月,任何一方未以书面方式提出废除本协定,则本协定继续有效五年。
  本协定经双方同意,可以修改或补充。
  本协定于一九七九年一月十五日在卢萨卡签订,共两份,每份都用中文、英文写成,两种文本具有同等效力。
 中华人民共和国                      赞比亚共和国
  国务院副总理                        总理
   李先念                         利苏洛
  (签 字)                       (签 字)

中华人民共和国涉外经济合同法(附英文)

全国人民代表大会


中华人民共和国主席令(六届第22号)

《中华人民共和国涉外经济合同法》已由中华人民共和国第六届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十次会议于1985年3月21日通过,现予公布,自1985年7月1日起施行。

中华人民共和国主席 李先念
1985年3月21日




中华人民共和国涉外经济合同法

(1985年3月21日第六届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十次会议通过 1985年3月21日中华人民共和国主席令第二十二号公布 自1985年7月1日起施行)

第一章 总 则
第一条 为了保障涉外经济合同当事人的合法权益,促进我国对外经济关系的发展,特制定本法。
第二条 本法的适用范围是中华人民共和国的企业或者其他经济组织同外国的企业和其他经济组织或者个人之间订立的经济合同(以下简称合同)。但是,国际运输合同除外。
第三条 订立合同,应当依据平等互利、协商一致的原则。
第四条 订立合同,必须遵守中华人民共和国法律,并不得损害中华人民共和国的社会公共利益。
第五条 合同当事人可以选择处理合同争议所适用的法律。当事人没有选择的,适用与合同有最密切联系的国家的法律。
在中华人民共和国境内履行的中外合资经营企业合同、中外合作经营企业合同、中外合作勘探开发自然资源合同,适用中华人民共和国法律。
中华人民共和国法律未作规定的,可以适用国际惯例。
第六条 中华人民共和国缔结或者参加的与合同有关的国际条约同中华人民共和国法律有不同规定的,适用该国际条约的规定。但是,中华人民共和国声明保留的条款除外。
第二章 合同的订立
第七条 当事人就合同条款以书面形式达成协议并签字,即为合同成立。通过信件、电报、电传达成协议,一方当事人要求签订确认书的,签订确认书时,方为合同成立。
中华人民共和国法律、行政法规规定应当由国家批准的合同,获得批准时,方为合同成立。
第八条 合同订明的附件是合同的组成部分。
第九条 违反中华人民共和国法律或者社会公共利益的合同无效。
合同中的条款违反中华人民共和国法律或者社会公共利益的,经当事人协商同意予以取消或者改正后,不影响合同的效力。
第十条 采取欺诈或者胁迫手段订立的合同无效。
第十一条 当事人一方对合同无效负有责任的,应当对另一方因合同无效而遭受的损失负赔偿责任。
第十二条 合同一般应当具备以下条款:
一、合同当事人的名称或者姓名、国籍、主营业所或者住所;
二、合同签订的日期、地点;
三、合同的类型和合同标的的种类、范围;
四、合同标的的技术条件、质量、标准、规格、数量;
五、履行的期限、地点和方式;
六、价格条件、支付金额、支付方式和各种附带的费用;
七、合同能否转让或者合同转让的条件;
八、违反合同的赔偿和其他责任;
九、合同发生争议时的解决方法;
十、合同使用的文字及其效力。
第十三条 合同应当视需要约定当事人对履行标的承担风险的界限;必要时应当约定对标的的保险范围。
第十四条 对于需要较长期间连续履行的合同,当事人应当约定合同的有效期限,并可以约定延长合同期限和提前终止合同的条件。
第十五条 当事人可以在合同中约定担保。担保人在约定的担保范围内承担责任。
第三章 合同的履行和违反合同的责任
第十六条 合同依法成立,即具有法律约束力。当事人应当履行合同约定的义务,任何一方不得擅自变更或者解除合同。
第十七条 当事人一方有另一方不能履行合同的确切证据时,可以暂时中止履行合同,但是应当立即通知另一方;当另一方对履行合同提供了充分的保证时,应当履行合同。当事人一方没有另一方不能履行合同的确切证据,中止履行合同的,应当负违反合同的责任。
第十八条 当事人一方不履行合同或者履行合同义务不符合约定条件,即违反合同的,另一方有权要求赔偿损失或者采取其他合理的补救措施。采取其他补救措施后,尚不能完全弥补另一方受到的损失的,另一方仍然有权要求赔偿损失。
第十九条 当事人一方违反合同的赔偿责任,应当相当于另一方因此所受到的损失,但是不得超过违反合同一方订立合同时应当预见到的因违反合同可能造成的损失。
第二十条 当事人可以在合同中约定,一方违反合同时,向另一方支付一定数额的违约金;也可以约定对于违反合同而产生的损失赔偿额的计算方法。
合同中约定的违约金,视为违反合同的损失赔偿。但是,约定的违约金过分高于或者低于违反合同所造成的损失的,当事人可以请求仲裁机构或者法院予以适当减少或者增加。
第二十一条 当事人双方都违反合同的,应当各自承担相应的责任。
第二十二条 当事人一方因另一方违反合同而受到损失的,应当及时采取适当措施防止损失的扩大;没有及时采取适当措施致使损失扩大的,无权就扩大的损失要求赔偿。
第二十三条 当事人一方未按期支付合同规定的应付金额或者与合同有关的其他应付金额的,另一方有权收取迟延支付金额的利息。计算利息的方法,可以在合同中约定。
第二十四条 当事人因不可抗力事件不能履行合同的全部或者部分义务的,免除其全部或者部分责任。
当事人一方因不可抗力事件不能按合同约定的期限履行的,在事件的后果影响持续的期间内,免除其迟延履行的责任。
不可抗力事件是指当事人在订立合同时不能预见、对其发生和后果不能避免并不能克服的事件。
不可抗力事件的范围,可以在合同中约定。
第二十五条 当事人一方因不可抗力事件不能履行合同的全部或者部分义务的,应当及时通知另一方,以减轻可能给另一方造成的损失,并应在合理期间内提供有关机构出具的证明。
第四章 合同的转让
第二十六条 当事人一方将合同权利和义务的全部或者部分转让给第三者的,应当取得另一方的同意。
第二十七条 中华人民共和国法律、行政法规规定应当由国家批准成立的合同,其权利和义务的转让,应当经原批准机关批准。但是,已批准的合同中另有约定的除外。
第五章 合同的变更、解除和终止
第二十八条 经当事人协商同意后,合同可以变更。
第二十九条 有下列情形之一的,当事人一方有权通知另一方解除合同:
一、另一方违反合同,以致严重影响订立合同所期望的经济利益;
二、另一方在合同约定的期限内没有履行合同,在被允许推迟履行的合理期限内仍未履行;
三、发生不可抗力事件,致使合同的全部义务不能履行;
四、合同约定的解除合同的条件已经出现。
第三十条 对于包含几个相互独立部分的合同,可以依据前条的规定,解除其中的一部分而保留其余部分的效力。
第三十一条 有下列情形之一的,合同即告终止:
一、合同已按约定条件得到履行;
二、仲裁机构裁决或者法院判决终止合同;
三、双方协商同意终止合同。
第三十二条 变更或者解除合同的通知或者协议,应当采用书面形式。
第三十三条 中华人民共和国法律、行政法规规定应当由国家批准成立的合同,其重大变更应当经原批准机关批准,其解除应当报原批准机关备案。
第三十四条 合同的变更、解除或者终止,不影响当事人要求赔偿损失的权利。
第三十五条 合同约定的解决争议的条款,不因合同的解除或者终止而失去效力。
第三十六条 合同约定的结算和清理条款,不因合同的解除或者终止而失去效力。
第六章 争议的解决
第三十七条 发生合同争议时,当事人应当尽可能通过协商或者通过第三者调解解决。
当事人不愿协商、调解的,或者协商、调解不成的,可以依据合同中的仲裁条款或者事后达成的书面仲裁协议,提交中国仲裁机构或者其他仲裁机构仲裁。
第三十八条 当事人没有在合同中订立仲裁条款,事后又没有达成书面仲裁协议的,可以向人民法院起诉。
第七章 附 则
第三十九条 货物买卖合同争议提起诉讼或者仲裁的期限为四年,自当事人知道或者应当知道其权利受到侵犯之日起计算。其他合同争议提起诉讼或者仲裁的期限由法律另行规定。
第四十条 在中华人民共和国境内履行、经国家批准成立的中外合资经营企业合同、中外合作经营企业合同、中外合作勘探开发自然资源合同,在法律有新的规定时,可以仍然按照合同的规定执行。
第四十一条 本法施行之日前成立的合同,经当事人协商同意,可以适用本法。
第四十二条 国务院依据本法制定实施细则。
第四十三条 本法自1985年7月1日起施行。


LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON ECONOMIC CONTRACTSINVOLVING FOREIGN INTEREST

Important Notice: (注意事项)

英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)

LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON ECONOMIC CONTRACTS
INVOLVING FOREIGN INTEREST
(Adopted at the Tenth Session of the Standing Committee of the
Sixth National People's Congress, promulgated by Order No. 22 of the
President of the People's Republic of China on March 21, 1985, and
effective as of July 1, 1985)

Contents

Chapter I General Provisions
Chapter II The Conclusion of Contracts
Chapter III The Performance of Contracts and Liability for Breach of
Contract
Chapter IV The Assignment of Contracts
Chapter V The Modification, Rescission and Termination of Contracts
Chapter VI The Settlement of Disputes
Chapter VII Supplementary Provisions

Chapter I General Provisions

Article 1
This Law is formulated with a view to protecting the lawful rights and
interests of the parties to Chinese-foreign economic contracts and
promoting the development of China's foreign economic relations.
Article 2
This Law shall apply to economic contracts concluded between enterprises
or other economic organizations of the People's Republic of China and
foreign enterprises, other economic organizations or individuals.
(hereinafter referred to as "contracts"). However, this provision shall
not apply to international transport contracts.
Article 3
Contracts shall be concluded according to the principle of equality and
mutual benefit and the principle of achieving agreement through
consultation.
Article 4
In concluding a contract, the parties must abide by the law of the
People's Republic of China and shall not harm the public interest of the
People's Republic of China.
Article 5
The parties to a contract may choose the proper law applicable to the
settlement of contract disputes. In the absence of such a choice by the
parties, the law of the country which has the closest connection with the
contract shall apply. The law of the People's Republic of China shall
apply to contracts that are to be performed within the territory of the
People's Republic of China, namely contracts for Chinese-foreign equity
joint ventures, Chinese-foreign contractual joint ventures and Chinese-
foreign cooperative exploration and development of natural resources. For
matters that are not covered in the law of the People's Republic of China,
international practice shall be followed.
Article 6
Where an international treaty which is relevant to a contract, and to
which the People's Republic of China is a contracting party or a
signatory, has provided differently from the law of the People's Republic
of China, the provisions of the international treaty shall prevail, with
the exception of those clauses on which the People's Republic of China has
declared reservation.

Chapter II The Conclusion of Contracts

Article 7
A contract shall be formed as soon as the parties to it have reached a
written agreement on the terms and have signed the contract. If an
agreement is reached by means of letters, telegrams or telex and one party
requests a signed letter of confirmation, the contract shall be formed
only after the letter of confirmation is signed. Contracts which are
subject to the approval of the state, as provided for by the laws or
administrative regulations of the People's Republic of China, shall be
formed only after such approval is granted.
Article 8
Appendices specified in a contract shall be integral parts of the
contract.
Article 9
Contracts that violate the law or the public interest of the People's
Republic of China shall be void.
In case any terms in a contract violate the law or the public interest of
the People's Republic of China, the validity of the contract shall not be
affected if such terms are cancelled or modified by the parties through
consultations.
Article 10
Contracts that are concluded by means of fraud or duress shall be void.
Article 11
A party which is responsible for the invalidity of a contract shall be
liable for the losses suffered by the other party as a result of the
contracts becoming invalid.
Article 12
A contract shall, in general, contain the following terms:
(1) the corporate or personal names of the contracting parties and their
nationalities and principal places of business or domicile;
(2) the date and place of the signing of the contract;
(3) the type of contract and the kind and scope of the object of the
contract;
(4) The technical conditions, quality, standard, specifications and
quantity of the object of the contract;
(5) the time limit, place and method of performance;
(6) the price, amount and method of payment, and various incidental
charges;
(7) whether the contract is assignable and, if it is, the conditions for
its assignment;
(8) liability to pay compensation and other liabilities for breach of
contract;
(9) the ways for settling contract disputes; and
(10) the language(s) in which the contract is to be written and its
validity.

Article 13
So far as it may require, a contract shall provide for the limits of the
risks to be borne by the parties in performing the object; if necessary,
it shall provide for the coverage of insurance for the object.
Article 14
Where a contract needs to be performed continuously over a long period,
the parties shall set a period of validity for the contract and may also
stipulate conditions for its extension and its termination before its
expiry.
Article 15
In the contract the parties may agree to provide a guaranty. The guarantor
shall be held liable within the agreed scope of guaranty.

Chapter III The Performance of Contracts and Liability for Breach of Contract

Article 16
A contract shall be legally bindings as soon as it is established in
accordance with the law. The parties shall perform their obligations
stipulated in the contract. No party shall unilaterally modify or rescind
the contract.
Article 17
A party may temporarily suspend its performance of the contract if it has
conclusive evidence that the other party is unable to perform the
contract. However, it shall immediately inform the other party of such
suspension. It shall perform the contract if and when the other party
provides a sure guarantee for performance of the contract. If a party
suspends performance of the contract without conclusive evidence of the
other party's inability to perform the contract, it shall be liable for
breach of contract.
Article 18
If a party fails to perform the contract or its performance of the
contractual obligations does not conform to the agreed terms. which
constitutes a breach of contract, the other party is entitled to claim
damages or demand other reasonable remedial measures. If the losses
suffered by the other party cannot be completely made up after the
adoption of such remedial measures, the other party shall still have the
right to claim damages.
Article 19
The liability of a party to pay compensation for the breach of a contract
shall be equal to the loss suffered by the other party as a consequence of
the breach. However, such compensation may not exceed the loss which the
party responsible for the breach ought to have foreseen at the time of the
conclusion of the contract as a possible consequence of a breach of
contract.
Article 20
The parties may agree in a contract that, if one party breaches the
contract, it shall pay a certain amount of breach of contract damages to
the other party; they may also agree upon a method for calculating the
damages resulting from such a breach. The breach of contract damages as
stipulated in the contract shall be regarded as compensation for the
losses resulting from breach of contract. However, if the contractually
agreed breach of contract damages are far more or far less than is
necessary to compensate for the losses resulting from the breach, the
party concerned may request an arbitration body or a court to reduce or
increase them appropriately.

Article 21
If both parties breach the contract, each shall be commensurately liable
for the breach of contract that is its responsibility.
Article 22
A party which suffers losses resulting from a breach of contract by the
other party shall promptly take appropriate measures to prevent the losses
from becoming severer. If the losses are aggravated as a result of its
failure to adopt appropriate measures, it shall not be entitled to claim
compensation for the aggravated part of the losses.
Article 23
If a party fails to pay on time any amount stipulated as payable in the
contract or any other amount related to the contract that is payable, the
other party is entitled to interest on the amount in arrears. The method
for calculating the interest may be specified in the contract.
Article 24
If a party is prevented from performing all or part of its obligations
owing to force majeure, it shall be relieved of all or part of its
obligations.
If a party cannot perform its obligations within the contractually agreed
time limit owing to force majeure, it shall be relieved of the liability
for delayed performance during the aftereffect of the event.
Force majeure means an event that the parties could not have foreseen at
the time of conclusion of the contract, both parties being unable to
either avoid or overcome its occurrence and consequences.
The scope of force majeure may be specified in the contract.
Article 25
The party which fails to perform wholly or in part its contractual
obligations owing to force majeure shall promptly inform the other party
so as to mitigate possible losses inflicted on the other party, and shall
also provide a certificate issued by the relevant agency within a
reasonable period of time.

Chapter IV The Assignment of Contracts

Article 26
When a party assigns, wholly or in part, its contractual rights and
obligations to a third party, it must obtain the consent of the other
party.
Article 27
In the case of a contract which, according to the laws or administrative
regulations of the People's Republic of China, is to be formed with the
approval of the state, the assignment of the contractual rights and
obligations shall be subject to the approval of the authority which
approved the contract, unless otherwise stipulated in the approved
contract.

Chapter V The Modification, Rescission and Termination of Con- tracts

Article 28
A contract may be modified if both parties agree through consultation.
Article 29
A party shall have the right to notify the other party that a contract is
rescinded in any of the following situations:
(1) if the other party has breached the contract, thus adversely affecting
the economic benefits they expected to receive at the time of the
conclusion of the contract;
(2) if the other party fails to perform the contract within the time limit
agreed upon in the contract, and again fails to perform it within the
reasonable period of time allowed for delayed performance;
(3) if all the obligations under the contract cannot be performed owing to
force majeure; or
(4) if the contractually agreed conditions for the rescission of the
contract are present.
Article 30
For a contract consisting of several independent parts, some may be
rescinded according to the provisions of the preceding article while the
other parts remain valid.
Article 31
A contract shall be terminated in any one of the following situations:
(1) if the contract has already been performed in accordance with the
agreed terms;
(2) if an arbitration body or a court has decided that the contract shall
be terminated; or
(3) if the parties agree through consultation to terminate the contract.
Article 32
Notices or agreements on the modification or rescission of contracts shall
be made in writing.
Article 33
In the case of a contract which, according to the laws or administrative
regulations of the People's Republic of China, is to be established with
the approval of the state, any significant modification of the contract
shall be subject to the approval of the authority which approved the
contract, and the rescission of the contract shall be filed with the same
authority for the record.
Article 34
The modification, rescission or termination of a contract shall not affect
the rights of the parties to claim damages.
Article 35
The contractually agreed terms for the settlement of disputes shall not
become invalid because of the rescission or termination of a contract.

Article 36
The contractually agreed terms for the settlement of accounts and
liquidation of a contract shall not become invalid because of the
rescission or termination of the contract.

Chapter VI The Settlement of Disputes

Article 37
If disputes over a contract develop, the parties shall, as far as
possible, settle them through consultation, or through mediation by a
third party.
If the parties are unwilling to settle their dispute through consultation
or mediation, or if consultation or mediation proves unsuccessful, they
may, in accordance with the arbitration clause provided in the contract or
a written arbitration agreement reached by the parties afterwards, submit
the dispute to a Chinese arbitration body or any other arbitration body
for arbitration.
Article 38
If no arbitration clause is provided in the contract, and a written
arbitration agreement is not reached afterwards, the parties may bring
suit in a people's court.

Chapter VII Supplementary Provisions

Article 39
The time limit for filing suit or applying for arbitration in a dispute
over a contract for the purchase and sale of goods shall be four years,
counting from the day when the party was aware or ought to have been aware
of its rights' being infringed upon. The time limit for filing suit or
applying for arbitration in a dispute over any other contract shall be
stipulated separately by law.
Article 40
If new legal provisions are formulated while contracts for Chinese-foreign
equity joint ventures, Chinese-foreign contractual joint ventures, or
Chinese-foreign cooperative exploration and development of natural
resources, which have been concluded with the approval of the state, are
being performed within the territory of the People's Republic of China,
the performance may still be based on the terms of the contracts.
Article 41
This Law may apply to contracts concluded before it goes into effect if
this is agreed to by the parties through consultation.
Article 42
The State Council shall, in accordance with this Law, formulate rules for
its implementation.
Article 43
This Law shall go into effect on July 1, 1985.



1985年3月21日